Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability. TBI can be treated medically or surgically. As a result of the injury, the brain often swells, causing the pressure within the skull to increase. To relieve the pressure, holes can be made in the skull (craniotomy) or a portion of the skull can be removed (craniotomy). If a portion of the skull is replaced, then the procedure is termed cranioplasty. Surgical management can improve morbidity and mortality. Decompressive craniectomy is often a procedure of last resort, and surgeons often use other treatments such as oxygen therapy or medication to decrease the swelling first.